Engineering is the discipline of art and work to acquire and develop the scientific, mathematical, economic, social and practical skills and build structures, machines, equipment, systems, materials and processes that realize secure solutions for the needs of society.
defined the American engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET) [1], "engineering" as:
[T] he creative application of scientific principles to design and develop structures, machines, equipment or processes, or works they use individually or in combination, or to build or operate the same with full knowledge of their design or to predict their behavior certain operating conditions, all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property [2] [3] [4].
One of the recognized rules of technology is called an engineer, and to do this license have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer and European Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of specialized disciplines, each with a specific emphasis on certain uses and certain areas of technology.
Contents
[Hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Ancient era
o 1.2 Renaissance
o 1.3 Modern Times
* 2 The most important branches of technology
* 3 Methodology
o 3.1 Problem solution
O 3.2 Computer use
* 4 Social Context
* 5 Relations with other disciplines
o 5.1 Science
o 5.2 Medicine and biology
O 5.3 Arts
o 5.4 Other fields
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links
[Edit] History
Look up engineering in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The concept art is conceived since ancient times as a basic human inventions such as the pulley, lever, wheel and existed. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of technology, use of basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.
The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer, who is from the year 1325, when an Engine '(literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to a "constructor of military engines . [5] In this context, now obsolete, an "engine" means a military machine, ie a mechanical device used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable exceptions to the use of outdated, have survived until today, military engineering corps, such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The word "engine" itself is even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention." [6]
Later, as the design of civil structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering came [4] the lexicon as a way between those who specialize in the construction of such a non-military projects and actors differ in the older discipline of military engineering.
[Edit] Ancient times
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacán and the cities and pyramids of the Maya, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, among many others stand as testament to the ingenuity and skill of the old civilian and military engineers.
The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. [4] As one of the officials of Pharaoh Djoser, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC [7]. He was responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture can have [Edit].
Ancient Greece developed machines in both the civilian and military sectors. The Antikythera Mechanism, the first known mechanical calculator, [8] [9] and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and still widely used today in various fields such as robotics and automotive [10 ].
Chinese, Greek and Roman armies used military complex machines and inventions such as artillery, from the Greeks in the 4th Century BC, [11], the trireme, the ballista and the catapult was developed. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed.
[Edit] Renaissance
The first electrical engineer is considered to be William Gilbert, with his 1600 publication of De Magnete, who was the originator of the term "stream". [12]
The first steam engine was built in 1698 by mechanical engineer Thomas Savery. [13] The development of this device was the industrial revolution in the coming decades, so for the beginnings of mass production.
With the rise of the art as a profession in the eighteenth century the term was close to areas where mathematics and science were created for this purpose applied. Likewise, in addition to military and civil engineering the fields then known as Mechanic Arts was incorporated in engineering.
[Edit] Modern Times
The International Space Station is a modern engineering challenge from many disciplines.
Electrical Engineering may also originate from the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in the 1872 follow. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19 Century was in the field of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to an extent that electrical and electronics industry engineers are currently numerically their counterparts in other engineering specialty [4].
The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt, the modern mechanical engineering. The development of special machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in his hometown of Great Britain and abroad. [4]
Chemical engineering, mechanical engineering as its counterpart in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution developed [4]. Industrial scale production required new materials and new processes and was until 1880 the need for large-scale production of chemicals such that a new industry was created, specialized in the development and large-scale production of chemicals in new industrial plants. [4] The role of chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes [4].
Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design, while air and space technology is a modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by spacecraft design. [14] The origins date can be traced to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the 19th Century to the 20th Although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently as of the last decade of the 18th Century dates. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely introduced with some empirical concepts and skills from other branches of technology [15].
The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and technology) in the United States went to Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863, it was also the second PhD in science in the United States awarded [16]
Only a decade after the successful flights of the Wright brothers saw the 1920 comprehensive development of aeronautical engineering through the development of World War II military aircraft. Meanwhile, the basic background science research offer by combining theoretical physics with experiments continued.
In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine of computer engineer Alan Emtage was built.
[Edit] Main areas of engineering
Main article: List of engineering branches
Engineering, like other sciences is a broad field that is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines deal with different areas of engineering work. Although originally trained as an engineer in the rule in a particular discipline, while an engineering career the engineer may be multidisciplinary, having worked at some of the outlined areas. Historically, the most important areas of engineering are divided into the following categories: [14] [17]
* Air and Space Technology - The design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics.
* Chemical Engineering - The exploitation of the chemical basis for the implementation of large-scale specialty chemical process and the development of new materials and fuels.
* Building and Civil Engineering - The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment, etc.), bridges and buildings.
* Electrical - a very wide area, the design and analysis of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical wiring, generators, motors, electromagnetic / electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, which may include computer systems, telecommunications and electronics.
* Engineering - The design of the physical or mechanical systems, such as motors, compressors, motors, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.
New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches. A new or emerging field of application is often temporary as permutation or subset of the existing disciplines are defined, there are often gray area, when a particular branch is large and / or prominent enough to justify "branch." To be new is an important indicator of the development is such, when to start establishing departments of major universities and programs in the new area.
For each of these fields, there are significant overlaps, particularly in the areas of application of the sciences, the disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics.
[Edit] Methodology
Design of a turbine requires collaboration from engineers from many fields, such as the system is subject to mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. The blades, rotor and stator, and the steam cycle must all be carefully designed and optimized.
Engineers apply the sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to problems or make improvements to the status quo. More than ever, engineers are now required to have knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects, as a result, they keep on learning new material throughout their career.
If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution best meets the requirements. The crucial and unique task of the engineer is understood to recognize and interpret the constraints on a design to achieve a successful outcome. It is usually not enough to build a technically successful product, it must also meet other requirements.
Limitations, the available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future changes and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, manufacturability and maintainability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system can be established and operated.
[Edit] Troubleshooting
Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic and appropriate experience to find suitable solutions to a problem. Engineering is a branch of applied mathematics and natural sciences. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem, it allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test possible solutions.
Usually there are several reasonable solutions, so engineers need to the different design decisions to be assessed on their merits and choose the best solution to meet their needs. Genrich Altshuller, after statistics over a large number of patents, suggested that compromises the heart of the "low-level" engineering designs, are at a higher level, while the best design one that eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem.
Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications before full production. They use, among other things: prototypes, models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected.
Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility for the designs that produce results as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the general public. Engineers typically include a safety factor in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. But the larger the safety factor may be the less efficient design.
The study of failed products as forensic engineering known, and can the product designers to assist in the evaluation of its design in the light of actual conditions. The discipline is of great value breaks down after disasters such as bridge, when a careful analysis is required to establish the cause or causes for failure.
[Edit] Computer use
A computer simulation of high velocity air flow around the Space Shuttle during re-entry. Solutions to the flow of the combined effects of flow and heat demand equations modeling.
As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. In addition to the typical business application software there are a number of computer-based applications (computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes that can be solved using numerical methods.
to create one of the most popular instruments in professional computer-aided design (CAD) software, the engineers on 3D models, 2D drawings, diagrams, and their designs. CAD together with Digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element methods or analytical element method allows engineers to model designs that can do without expensive and time-consuming physical prototypes are analyzed to create.
allow this, products and components are checked for defects; assess fit and assembly; study ergonomics and to analyze static and dynamic properties of systems such as stresses, temperatures, electromagnetic emissions, electrical currents and voltages, digital logic levels, flows, and kinematics. Access and distribution of all this information is usually organized with the use of Product Data Management Software [18].
There are also many tools for specific technical tasks such as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software for CNC machining instructions to generate support, manufacturing process management software for the manufacturing, EDA for printed circuit boards (PCBs) and schematics for electronic engineers, MRO applications maintenance management, and AEC software for civil engineering.
In recent years, been the use of computer software to aid the development of goods together to as Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) are known [19].
[Edit] Social context
This section may contain original research. Please improve it references by reviewing the allegations and adding. Statements that can only be removed from our own research. Further details can help in the discussion page available. (July 2010)
Engineering is a subject that ranges from large collaborations to small individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are required to present some type of funding agency: a company, a number of investors, or government. The few types of engineering that are minimally by such issues have forced pro bono engineering and open design.
By its very nature engineering is bound with society and human behavior. Every product or construction of modern society, used construction equipment will have been affected. Engineering design is a very powerful tool to make changes to the environment, society and economy, and its application brings a great responsibility. Many technical societies have codes of conduct and codes of conduct for members and established inform the general public.
Engineering projects may be the subject of controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of sport utility vehicles and the production of oil. In response, some Western engineering firms have adopted heavy corporate and social responsibility policies.
Engineering is a key driver of human development [20]. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very small engineering capacity which results in many African countries not in a position to develop crucial infrastructure without outside help. The achievement of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity of the infrastructure and sustainable technological development to enhance [21].
All overseas development and relief NGOs make use of engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. A number of nonprofit organizations to Engineering directly for the good of mankind:
* Engineers Without Borders
* Engineers Against Poverty
* Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief
* Engineers for a Sustainable World
[Edit] Relations with other disciplines
[Edit] Science
Scientists study the world as it is, engineers create the world that has never been.
Theodore von Kármán
Bioreactors for producing proteins, NRC Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
There is overlap between the natural sciences and engineering; in mechanical engineering, is a science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of the materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.
Scientists are to interpret their observations and make expert recommendations for practical measures to those interpretations [edit] basis. The scientists concluded on engineering tasks such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, such, for the moment, scientists.
In the book, What engineers know and how they know it claims, [22] Walter Vincenti, that engineering research has a character different from the scientific research. First, they are often areas where the physical principles and / or chemistry are well understood, but the problem itself is too complex to solve in an exact manner.
Examples of the use of numerical approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations on aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of Miner's rule to calculate fatigue damage are described. Second, engineering research employs many semi-empirical methods that are foreign to pure scientific research, as exemplified by the method of parameter variation.
As stated by Fung et al. in the revision of classical art, text, Foundations of Solid Mechanics:
"Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists are trying to understand nature. Engineers try to flesh out things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress invention. An invention of the engineer has his idea and design something that people embody To to use. This is something that can be a device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computer program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem or an improvement, what are existing. As a design must be specific, it must maintain its geometry, dimensions and measures have. Almost all engineers working on new designs find that they are not all required information. They are usually limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. They learn math, physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics. Often them with the sciences, which add to their profession. This engineering sciences are born. "[23]
Although engineering solutions to make use of scientific principles, engineers also have to take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability and construct, or a simple production, as well as legal issues such as patent infringement or liability in the event of failure of the solution.
[Edit] Medicine and biology
Leonardo da Vinci, seen here in a self-portrait has as the epitome of the artist / engineer has been described [24]. He's also known for his studies on human anatomy and physiognomy
The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important link between medicine and some engineering disciplines. Medicine aims to preserve, improve and even replace functions of the human body, if necessary, through the use of technology.
Modern medicine may be some of the body's functions to substitute the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as brain implants and pacemakers. [25] [26] The fields of Bionics and medical Bionics is the study of synthetic implants in conjunction with dedicated natural systems.
Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and emulating involved many of its functions by replacing biology with technology. This has led to fields such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy logic and robotics. There are also substantial interdisciplinary interactions between engineering and medicine. [27] [28]
Both fields provide solutions to real problems. This requires progress often before phenomena are fully understood in a strictly scientific sense and therefore experimentation and empirical knowledge is an integral part of both.
Medicine in part examines the role of the human body. The human body as a biological machine, has many features that can be modeled engineering methods [29].
The heart, for example, works like a pump, [30] which is like a skeleton structure with levers are produced [31], the brain electrical signals etc. [32] These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of engineering principles in medicine, led to the development of the field of biomedical engineering, uses the concepts developed in both disciplines.
Newly emerging branches of science, systems biology fit, analytical tools traditionally used for engineering, such as systems modeling and numerical analysis to the description of biological systems [29].
[Edit] Art
A drawing for a booster engine for steam locomotives. Engineering is used to design, with emphasis on function and the use of mathematics and natural sciences.
There are links between technology and art, [33] they are in some areas of direct, such as architecture, landscape architecture and industrial design (even to the extent that these disciplines can sometimes be in a faculty of the University of Engineering are included) and indirectly in other . [33] [34] [35] [36]
The Art Institute of Chicago, for example, an exhibition on the art of NASA's space design. [37] Robert Maillart bridge design is perceived by some have been aware of his artistic [38]. At the University of South Florida, an engineering professor office, by a grant from the National Science Foundation, a course that combines art and technology has developed. [34] [39]
Among famous historical figures Leonardo Da Vinci is a famous Renaissance artist and engineer, and a prime example of the connection between art and technology. [24] [40]
[Edit] Other fields
In political science the term engineering for the study, the subjects social engineering and political construction, which borrowed coupled with formation of political and social structures of Engineering methodology with political science principles. Financial engineering has borrowed the term in a similar manner.
[Edit] See also
Main Article: Outline of Engineering
Listen
* List of basic engineering topics
* The list of the technical issues
* List of Engineers
* Engineering Society
* List of aviation and space technology topics
* List of basic chemical engineering topics
* List of electrical engineering topics
* List of genetic engineering topics
* List of engineering topics
* List of nanotechnology topics
* List of software engineering topics
Nuvola apps kcmsystem.svg Engineering Portal
Related Topics
* Design
* Earthquake Engineering
* Engineering Economics
* Engineers Without Borders
* Forensic Engineering
* Global Engineering Education
* Industrial Design
* Infrastructure
* Open Hardware
* Reverse Engineering
* Science and Technology
* Structural errors
* Sustainable Engineering
* Women in Engineering
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